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Rafael Perera, Richard Stevens, Jeffrey K Aronson, Amitava Banerjee, Julie Evans, Benjamin G Feakins, Susannah Fleming, Paul Glasziou, Carl Heneghan, FD Richard Hobbs, Louise Jones, Milena Kurtinecz, Daniel S Lasserson, Louise Locock, Julie McLellan, Borislava Mihaylova, Christopher A O’Callaghan, Jason L Oke, Nicola Pidduck, Annette Plüddemann, Nia Roberts, Iryna Schlackow, Brian Shine, Claire L Simons, Clare J Taylor, Kathryn S Taylor, Jan Y Verbakel & Clare Bankhead.

Rafael Perera ^1,*, Richard Stevens ¹, Jeffrey K Aronson ¹, Amitava Banerjee ², Julie Evans ¹, Benjamin G Feakins ¹, Susannah Fleming ¹, Paul Glasziou ³, Carl Heneghan ¹, FD Richard Hobbs ¹, Louise Jones ¹, Milena Kurtinecz ¹, Daniel S Lasserson ⁴, Louise Locock ⁵, Julie McLellan ¹, Borislava Mihaylova ^6,7, Christopher A O’Callaghan ⁸, Jason L Oke ¹, Nicola Pidduck ¹, Annette Plüddemann ¹, Nia Roberts ⁹, Iryna Schlackow ⁶, Brian Shine ¹⁰, Claire L Simons ⁶, Clare J Taylor ¹, Kathryn S Taylor ¹, Jan Y Verbakel ^1,11,12, Clare Bankhead ¹

¹ Nuffield Department of Primary Care Health Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
² Institute of Health Informatics, University College London, London, UK
³ Institute for Evidence-Based Healthcare, Faculty of Health Sciences & Medicine, Bond University, Gold Coast, QLD, Australia
⁴ Institute of Applied Health Research, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
⁵ Health Services Research Unit, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, UK
⁶ Health Economics Research Centre, Nuffield Department of Population Health, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
⁷ Institute of Population Health Sciences, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
⁸ Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
⁹ Bodleian Health Care Libraries, Knowledge Centre, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
¹⁰ Department of Clinical Biochemistry, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Oxford, UK
¹¹ Department of Public Health and Primary Care, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
¹² National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Community Healthcare MedTech and In Vitro Diagnostics Co-operative (MIC), Nuffield Department of Primary Care Health Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
^* Corresponding author Email: Rafael.perera@phc.ox.ac.uk

Declared competing interests of authors: Rafael Perera reports grants from the National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Programme Grants for Applied Research programme [RP-PG-1210-12012: the early use of Antibiotics for at Risk CHildren with InfluEnza in primary care (the ARCHIE programme)], the British Heart Foundation (PG/17/49/33099), the NIHR School for Primary Care Research (Wittenberg_FR16), the NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Centre (BRC) (IS-BRC-1215-20008) and the NIHR Community Healthcare MedTech and In Vitro Diagnostics Co-operative (MIC-2016-018) during the conduct of the study. Jeffrey K Aronson has co-authored and edited textbooks and written reviews, commentaries and medicolegal reports on various aspects of prescribing. He has provided expert reports on cases involving adverse drug reactions, most often for coroners, sometimes on behalf of private individuals, and occasionally for pharmaceutical companies. He was previously a member of the NIHR Journals Library Board from 2012 until it was disbanded. Amitava Banerjee reports personal fees from C.H. Boehringer Sohn AG & Ko. KG (Ingelheim am Rhein,, Germany), AstraZeneca plc (Cambridge, UK), Novo Nordisk A/S (Bagsværd, Denmark) and Pfizer Inc. (New York, NY, USA) outside the submitted work, all before 2017. He is a trustee of the South Asian Health Foundation (2014–present) and was a member of the Education Committee of the British Cardiovascular Society (2017–20). Carl Heneghan reports expenses and fees for his media work and expenses from the World Health Organization; and holds grant funding from the NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Centre and the NIHR School for Primary Care Research Evidence Synthesis Working Group (project 390). He has received financial remuneration from an asbestos case. He receives expenses for teaching evidence-based medicine and is also paid for his general practitioner work in the NHS out of hours. He is Director of the Centre for Evidence-Based Medicine at the University of Oxford, Editor in Chief of the British Medical Journal Evidence-Based Medicine and a NIHR Senior Investigator. FD Richard Hobbs reports grants from a NIHR Professorship (NIHR-RP-R2-12-015) during the conduct of the study; reports personal fees and other from Novartis International AG (Basel Switzerland), C.H. Boehringer Sohn AG & Ko. KG; and reports grants from Pfizer Inc. outside the submitted work. Milena Kurtinecz is a GlaxoSmithKline plc (Brentford, UK) employee and owns company stock. GlaxoSmithKline plc provided access to limited placebo data for some analyses. Louise Locock reports membership of the NIHR Health Services and Delivery Research board during the lifetime of the study (2014–19). Julie McLellan reports occasional expenses for teaching evidence-based medicine. Borislava Mihaylova reports grants from Merck & Co. Inc. (Kenilworth, NJ, USA) outside the submitted work and support from the NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Centre (IS-BRC-1215-20008) and NIHR HTA (17/140/02). Christopher A O’Callaghan receives standard academic grants from the Novo Nordisk Foundation (NNF15SA0018346), the Medical Research Council (MC_PC_17174), the European Foundation for the Study of Diabetes (grant 96111) and Diabetes Research UK (15/0005171). Annette Plüddemann reports grant funding from the NIHR School for Primary Care Research (SPCR) (NIHR SPCR Evidence Synthesis Working Group project 390) during the conduct of the study, and occasionally receives expenses for teaching evidence-based medicine. Clare J Taylor reports personal fees from Novartis International AG and Vifor Pharma (Glattbrugg, Switzerland), and non-financial support from F. Hoffman-La Roche Ltd (Basel, Switzerland) outside the submitted work. Clare Bankhead reports grants from Cancer Research UK (EDAG committee 27880), the NIHR Oxford BRC (Multimorbidity theme IS-BRC-1215-20008) and the NIHR School for Primary Care Research (Wittenberg_FR16) during the conduct of the study.