Workplace-based interventions to promote healthy lifestyles in the NHS workforce: a rapid scoping and evidence map

General health and lifestyles/mixed physical and mental health

• Health promotion and primary prevention, including interventions focused on stress, physical activity, nutrition and smoking. 25

• Smoking cessation. 26

• ‘Healthy lifestyles’ focused on physical activity, healthy weight and good nutrition. 27

• ‘Workplace health programmes’ for improving both physical and mental health. This review addressed implementation issues as well as effectiveness. 28

• Organisational-level interventions in the ‘health sector’ to improve health. 23

• Physical activity. 29

• Dietary change. 30

Mental health

• Stress management with a particular emphasis on preventing common mental health disorders (anxiety and depression). 31

• Mental health including stress management and the prevention of psychological disorders. 32

• Common mental disorders (depression and anxiety). 33

• Interventions to prevent mental health problems and absenteeism. 34

• Physician burnout (including medical students and residents). 24

A more detailed description of the 12 RoRs is provided in Review of reviews: full-text scoping.

Workplace settings

In total, 296 reviews (systematic reviews/scoping/realist reviews) and meta-analyses were identified, which focused on primary studies with 23 different groups of workers. For a full list of all 23 population groups/workplace settings in the 296 RMAs, see Appendix 2, Table 13. The largest proportion of RMAs had a focus on generic ‘workplace’ interventions, and did not state a specific target group of workers (n = 155, 52%). There were 31 RMAs focused on primary studies with nurses of all types, and a similar number were focused on ‘health-care’ workers (n = 28). A further 36 RMAs had a specific focus on other groups of health-care workers, and these are shown in Table 1. Out of the 296 RMAs identified, a total of 95 (32%) focused on individuals working in a health-care setting in some capacity. Among RMAs not focused on health care, the groups of workers most frequently studied were individuals who work shifts (n = 9), those based in offices (n = 7) and female workers (n = 7).

Health focus of reviews and meta-analyses

The primary health focus of each review or meta-analysis was categorised into seven broad groupings: lifestyles, general health/health promotion, mental health, physical health, work relationships, general work and ‘other’ health-related interventions. As the grouping of RMAs was based on information in titles and abstracts only, it should not be considered a definitive categorisation of health focus. It is also important to recognise that there is potentially considerable overlap between some of the groups depending on the specific aims of interventions, and particularly the general health/health promotion and lifestyles categories.

Figure 3 shows the primary health focus of the 296 identified RMAs. In order to retain pertinent information, RMAs have been separated into those that had a specific focus on health-care settings (health care focused) and those that did not (non-health care focused). However, it should be recognised that some of the RMAs without a health-care focus could, depending on the inclusion criteria applied, have also potentially included primary studies conducted with staff in health-care settings. A full bibliographic list for the 296 RMAs by primary health focus and setting is provided in Appendix 3.

FIGURE 3.

Primary focus of RMAs (n = 296).

Lifestyles

In total, 78 out of the 296 RMAs addressed lifestyles and lifestyle behaviour, of which four were focused on staff in health-care settings. As Table 2 reveals, the largest proportion of the non-health-care focused RMAs addressed physical activity, sedentary behaviour or sitting time (n = 29). Five RMAs included interventions that examined both physical activity and/or dietary behaviour/nutrition. It can also be seen from Table 2 that a total of 22 non-health-care-focused RMAs were on obesity/weight status (n = 11), general diet/nutrition (n = 7), fruit and vegetable consumption (n = 3) or dietary behaviours and adiposity (n = 1). A further nine RMAs addressed smoking cessation or employees’ smoking behaviour. The four RMAs related to health-care staff were focused on physical activity and/or dietary behaviour (n = 2), weight status (n = 1) and dietary behaviour (n = 1). Of these four RMAs, two were focused on nurses and two on a broad grouping of ‘health-care’ staff.

In terms of interventions, it was possible to determine from information provided in the abstracts that at least 12 of the non-health-care-focused RMAs had included both individual- and organisational-level interventions. These addressed weight status (n = 5); physical activity, sedentary behaviour or sitting time (n = 3); alcohol (n = 1); smoking (n = 1); physical activity/diet/weight (n = 1); and diet/nutrition (n = 1). It was not possible to make a similar determination for the four RMAs conducted in health-care settings.

Eight lifestyle RMAs (seven non-health care focused and one health care focused) examined organisational-level interventions or policies only. The one health-care-based review was commissioned by Public Health England to examine the evidence on environmental (choice architecture) interventions to increase the purchase and consumption of healthier food and drinks by NHS staff. 54

Interventions evaluated in six other RMAs (all non-health care focused) were aimed at reducing sedentary behaviour in office workers through desk-based changes such as the use of active workstations, and cycle and treadmill desks.

Among the 74 non-health-care-focused RMAs, one had a primary focus on the costs and financial return of worksite programmes aimed at improving various lifestyle behaviours rather than effectiveness. Furthermore, four other RMAs (addressing physical activity and smoking) focused primarily on implementation and process-related issues.

General health/health promotion

The scoping searches identified 66 RMAs that were concerned with general health promotion or interventions to promote the health and well-being of workers in broad terms. Of this total, 14 had a specific focus on health-care staff.

The most common intervention type that was identified among the 52 non-health-care-focused RMAs was various forms of ‘workplace health promotion programmes’ (n = 18). Other specific types of intervention that were also identified included:

• alterations to the jobs or work patterns of employees; for example, changing shift patterns, task restructuring, increasing employee control and job redesign (n = 5)

• organisational-level interventions including improving the social or psychosocial work environment (n = 4)

• digital-/technology-based interventions (n = 2)

• mentoring, training or support (n = 2).

One of the 14 RMAs of general health promotion in health-care settings was commissioned by the Department of Health and Social Care in the UK and examined whole-system approaches to improving the health and well-being of health-care workers. 55

Where a specific intervention type could be determined, three out of the other 13 health-care-focused RMAs addressed alterations to jobs or work patterns. Other RMAs examined clinical supervision; mentoring, training and support; Schwartz Center Rounds; exercise interventions to promote both physical and mental health; and health promotion programmes to improve behavioural health-risk factors. Table 3 provides details of the specific groups of staff that were the target population in the 14 health-care-focused RMAs.

Reviews and meta-analyses of general health/well-being were largely focused on effectiveness outcomes, but several had a primary aim of evaluating the costs and economic impact of worksite health promotion programmes. One RMA focused solely on process issues and the factors that influence the implementation of workplace health promotion interventions. Similarly, one RMA, focused on health-care staff, examined barriers to promoting the health and well-being of Brazilian health-care workers.

Mental health issues

In total, 94 RMAs had a focus on mental health issues. Notably, almost half of all RMAs focused on health-care staff were related to mental health (n = 46, 49%). The largest proportion of RMAs (38/94) comprised primary studies that were aimed at improving psychological health or well-being outcomes (non-health care focused, n = 23; health care focused, n = 15). The remaining 56 RMAs had a primary focus on more specific mental health issues, and these are shown in Table 4. The majority of the 56 RMAs concerned interventions targeting stress and/or burnout among workers (n = 39). Stress and burnout-related interventions were a particular focus of RMAs in health-care settings (26/31). In addition, nine of the RMAs on stress and/or burnout were based on primary studies with nurses.

It is likely that a number of the issues in Table 4 were also outcomes of interest in at least some of the 38 broad RMAs of mental health interventions in the workplace. Consequently, the table potentially underestimates the frequency with which issues have been addressed in RMAs.

Eleven mental health-related RMAs had an identifiable focus on mindfulness-/meditation-based interventions (health care focused, n = 6; non-health care focused, n = 5). Four addressed digital or web-based interventions including apps (applications). In addition, two RMAs examined the effectiveness of physical activity interventions to improve mental health outcomes. It was further possible from the abstracts to determine that 19 other RMAs included both individual and organisational-level interventions. In terms of outcomes, nearly all RMAs synthesised evidence in relation to the effectiveness of interventions; however, one had a primary focus on the financial return and cost-effectiveness of mental health interventions in the workplace, and another examined process-related outcomes in workplace stress management intervention studies. Finally, one review reviewed workplace guidelines to prevent, detect and manage mental health issues.

Physical health issues

Fifteen RMAs addressed a number of other issues related to the physical health of the workforce, and these are shown in Table 5. The largest group (8/15 RMAs) was focused on issues around fatigue, sleep, sleepiness, insomnia and alertness, particularly among shift workers. Interventions included changing shift patterns and length, napping, restorative breaks, fatigue training and other non-pharmacological measures. Three RMAs had a specific focus on reducing cardiovascular risk, one of which evaluated lifestyle-targeted interventions. Another addressed internet-based cardiovascular wellness and prevention programmes.

Work relations

Eighteen RMAs were related to violence, bullying or other unacceptable behaviour in the workplace. Fifteen RMAs were focused on health-care settings, 12 of which addressed violence/aggression prevention or management. The other three health-care-focused RMAs addressed bullying, violence and/or incivility. Approximately half (n = 8) involved interventions conducted with nursing staff, and two focused solely on nurses working in emergency departments. Some of the health-care-focused RMAs evaluated specific forms of interventions including de-escalation techniques training and aggression management programmes. The prevention of bullying, incivility or unprofessional behaviour was the focus of three RMAs of non-health-care settings.

General work issues

Table 6 shows the primary focus of 13 RMAs that addressed general work issues. It can be seen that an equal number of RMAs were related to sickness absence (n = 4) and absenteeism (n = 4), and a further two had a focus on presenteeism. Three of these 11 RMAs examined the role of physical activity in reducing sickness absence, absenteeism or presenteeism. Two health-care-focused RMAs synthesised evidence on the effectiveness of interventions and strategies to support student well-being during their transition to becoming qualified nurses.

Other health-related issues

Four RMAs of workplace interventions aimed to promote or support breastfeeding. Eight RMAs were also identified that addressed influenza vaccination among health-care workers. Five examined interventions to improve vaccination uptake and two focused on implementation issues. This included exploring factors that may influence the success of strategies to increase uptake, as well as exploring the views and experiences of health-care staff. One other review investigated both barriers to health-care staff getting vaccinated and components of effective programmes.

Workplace settings

Only two RoRs explicitly stated that they had a health-care focus. One RoR evaluated interventions to improve mental health by reducing physician burnout. 24 The other evaluated interventions that facilitate sustainable jobs and have a positive impact on the health of workers in health-sector workplaces. However, the included RMAs evaluated interventions in a range of workplace settings, only some of which were in the health sector. 23

The remaining RoRs reported little information on workplace setting. Some did incorporate RMAs that included staff in the health sector; however, other workplace settings were included and findings were not reported separately.

Lifestyles

Three RoRs addressed lifestyles and lifestyle behaviours but each evaluated different interventions. 26,29,30 None of the RoRs was explicitly set in a health-care sector. The RoRs were published from 2013 to 2019 and included RMAs published from 1994 to 2017. The main focus of the RoRs are listed in Table 10.

General health/health promotion

Four RoRs had a more general health focus;23,25,27,28 one of which evaluated interventions aimed at improving the health of health-sector employees, although RMAs in a non-health-care setting were also included. 23 RoRs were published between 2010 and 2016 and included RMAs published between 1997 and 2014. The main focus of the RoRs is listed in Table 11.

Mental health

Five RoRs focused on mental health,24,31–34 one of which evaluated interventions aimed at health-care staff. 24 RoRs were published between 2009 and 2016 and included RMAs published between 1996 and 2016. The main focus of the RoRs are listed in Table 12.

Search strategy

1.  ID Search

2.  #1 MeSH descriptor: [Workplace] explode all trees

3.  #2 (workplace*):ti,ab,kw OR (worksite*):ti,ab,kw (Word variations have been searched)

4.  #3 MeSH descriptor: [Occupational Health] explode all trees

5.  #4 ((work* or employment) near/6 “health promot*”):ti,ab,kw (Word variations have been searched)

6.  #5 MeSH descriptor: [Health Promotion] explode all trees

7.  #6 MeSH descriptor: [Work] explode all trees

8.  #7 MeSH descriptor: [Employment] explode all trees

9.  #8 #5 and (#6 or #7)

10.  #9 #1 or #2 or #3 or #4 or #7

Search strategy

1.  DARE ((workplace):TI OR (worksite):TI) and ((Systematic review:ZDT and Bibliographic:ZPS) OR (Systematic review:ZDT and Abstract:ZPS)) FROM 2000 TO 2019 (60)

2.  DARE ((work) AND (health promotion)) and ((Systematic review:ZDT and Bibliographic:ZPS) OR (Systematic review:ZDT and Abstract:ZPS)) FROM 2000 TO 2019 (50)

3.  HTA (workplace):TI OR (worksite):TI IN HTA FROM 2000 TO 2019 (3)

4.  HTA work):TI OR (health promotion):TI IN HTA FROM 2000 TO 2019 (36)

5.  DARE & HTA MeSH Descriptor Workplace AND Mesh Descriptor Health Promotion (58)

Search strategy

(advanced_title_en:(health promotion AND work) OR advanced_abstract_en:(health promotion AND work)) OR advanced_title_en:(workplace) OR advanced_title_en:(worksite) [Filters: protocol=no, classification=systematic-review, min_year=2000, max_year=2019]

Additional searches were conducted on 14 February 2019 as described below.

Search 1

(title:((title:(“Occupational health”) OR abstract:(“Occupational health”))) OR abstract:((title:(“Occupational health”) OR abstract:(“Occupational health”)))) AND (title:(doctor OR doctors OR clinician OR clinicians OR physician OR physicians OR nurse OR nurses OR dentist OR dentists) OR abstract:(doctor OR doctors OR clinician OR clinicians OR physician OR physicians OR nurse OR nurses OR dentist OR dentists)) 47 records

Search 2

(title:(workers OR workplace OR workplaces OR worksite OR worksites OR employment OR employees OR “job satisfaction”) OR abstract:(workers OR workplace OR workplaces OR worksite OR worksites OR employment OR employees OR “job satisfaction”)) 97 records

Restricted to 2000 to 2019. Broad synthesis category.

Search 3

(title:(workers OR workplace OR workplaces OR worksite OR worksites OR employment OR employees OR “job satisfaction”) OR abstract:(workers OR workplace OR workplaces OR worksite OR worksites OR employment OR employees OR “job satisfaction”)) 4206 records

Restricted to 2000 to 2019. Broad synthesis category.

Search strategy

Search 1

Search 2

Search strategy

1.  1 (NHS employees or NHS practitioners or NHS professionals or NHS staff or NHS workforce or NHS workers).ti,ab. (695)

2.  2 (hospital employees or hospital practitioners or hospital professionals or hospital staff or hospital workforce or hospital workers).ti,ab. (7035)

3.  3 (healthcare employees or healthcare practitioners or healthcare professionals or healthcare staff or healthcare workforce or healthcare workers).ti,ab. (26,580)

4.  4 (health care employees or health care practitioners or health care professionals or health care staff or health care workforce or health care workers).ti,ab. (33,594)

5.  5 (health employees or health practitioners or health professionals or health staff or health workforce or health workers).ti,ab. (62,452)

6.  6 (medical employees or medical practitioners or medical professionals or medical staff or medical workforce or medical workers).ti,ab. (21,254)

7.  7 (medical students or medical undergraduates).ti,ab. (32,692)

8.  8 (nurse$ or nursing or doctor$ or physician$ or midwi$).ti,ab. (853,683)

9.  9 1 or 2 or 3 or 4 or 5 or 6 or 7 or 8 (977,641)

10.  10 Mental Health/ or Anxiety/ or Occupational Stress/ or Burnout/ or Bullying/ (107,669)

11.  11 Lifestyle/ or Exercise/ or Diet/ or Obesity/ or Overweight/ (429,256)

12.  12 exp Substance-Related Disorders/ or Smoking/ or Alcoholism/ (386,075)

13.  13 Sick Leave/ or Absenteeeism/ or Occupational Health/ or Influenza Vaccines/ or Workplace Violence/ (57,885)

14.  14 10 or 11 or 12 or 13 (950,112)

15.  15 9 and 14 (51,674)

16.  16 ((wellbeing or well-being or wellness or health promot$ or health check$) adj3 (NHS employees or NHS practitioners or NHS professionals or NHS staff or NHS workforce or NHS workers)).ti,ab. (6)

17.  17 ((wellbeing or well-being or wellness or health promot$ or health check$) adj3 (healthcare employees or healthcare practitioners or healthcare professionals or healthcare staff or healthcare workforce or healthcare workers)).ti,ab. (72)

18.  18 ((wellbeing or well-being or wellness or health promot$ or health check$) adj3 (health care employees or health care practitioners or health care professionals or health care staff or health care workforce or health care workers)).ti,ab. (84)

19.  19 ((wellbeing or well-being or wellness or health promot$ or health check$) adj3 (health employees or health practitioners or health professionals or health staff or health workforce or health workers)).ti,ab. (164)

20.  20 ((wellbeing or well-being or wellness or health promot$ or health check$) adj3 (medical employees or medical practitioners or medical professionals or medical staff or medical workforce or medical workers)).ti,ab. (16)

21.  21 ((wellbeing or well-being or wellness or health promot$ or health check$) adj3 (medical students or medical undergraduates)).ti,ab. (110)

22.  22 ((wellbeing or well-being or wellness or health promot$ or health check$) adj3 (nurse$ or nursing or doctor$ or physician$ or midwi$)).ti,ab. (2048)

23.  23 ((wellbeing or well-being or wellness or health promot$ or health check$) adj3 (hospital employees or hospital practitioners or hospital professionals or hospital staff or hospital workforce or hospital workers)).ti,ab. (20)

24.  24 16 or 17 or 18 or 19 or 20 or 21 or 22 or 23 (2505)

25.  25 (sick$ adj3 (leave or absence) adj3 (NHS employees or NHS practitioners or NHS professionals or NHS staff or NHS workforce or NHS workers)).ti,ab. (4)

26.  26 (sick$ adj3 (leave or absence) adj3 (healthcare employees or healthcare practitioners or healthcare professionals or healthcare staff or healthcare workforce or healthcare workers)).ti,ab. (14)

27.  27 (sick$ adj3 (leave or absence) adj3 (health care employees or health care practitioners or health care professionals or health care staff or health care workforce or health care workers)).ti,ab. (13)

28.  28 (sick$ adj3 (leave or absence) adj3 (health employees or health practitioners or health professionals or health staff or health workforce or health workers)).ti,ab. (5)

29.  29 (sick$ adj3 (leave or absence) adj3 (medical employees or medical practitioners or medical professionals or medical staff or medical workforce or medical workers)).ti,ab. (1)

30.  30 (sick$ adj3 (leave or absence) adj3 (medical students or medical undergraduates)).ti,ab. (0)

31.  31 (sick$ adj3 (leave or absence) adj3 (nurse$ or nursing or doctor$ or physician$ or midwi$)).ti,ab. (155)

32.  32 (sick$ adj3 (leave or absence) adj3 (hospital employees or hospital practitioners or hospital professionals or hospital staff or hospital workforce or hospital workers)).ti,ab. (10)

33.  33 25 or 26 or 27 or 28 or 29 or 30 or 31 or 32 (197)

34.  34 ((flu vaccinat$ or influenza vaccinat$) adj3 (NHS employees or NHS practitioners or NHS professionals or NHS staff or NHS workforce or NHS workers)).ti,ab. (3)

35.  35 ((flu vaccinat$ or influenza vaccinat$) adj3 (healthcare employees or healthcare practitioners or healthcare professionals or healthcare staff or healthcare workforce or healthcare workers)).ti,ab. (186)

36.  36 ((flu vaccinat$ or influenza vaccinat$) adj3 (health care employees or health care practitioners or health care professionals or health care staff or health care workforce or health care workers)).ti,ab. (151)

37.  37 ((flu vaccinat$ or influenza vaccinat$) adj3 (health employees or health practitioners or health professionals or health staff or health workforce or health workers)).ti,ab. (20)

38.  38 ((flu vaccinat$ or influenza vaccinat$) adj3 (medical employees or medical practitioners or medical professionals or medical staff or medical workforce or medical workers)).ti,ab. (7)

39.  39 ((flu vaccinat$ or influenza vaccinat$) adj3 (medical students or medical undergraduates)).ti,ab. (14)

40.  40 ((flu vaccinat$ or influenza vaccinat$) adj3 (nurse$ or nursing or doctor$ or physician$ or midwi$)).ti,ab. (173)

41.  41 ((flu vaccinat$ or influenza vaccinat$) adj3 (hospital employees or hospital practitioners or hospital professionals or hospital staff or hospital workforce or hospital workers)).ti,ab. (13)

42.  42 34 or 35 or 36 or 37 or 38 or 39 or 40 or 41 (550)

43.  43 ((anxiety or depressed or depression or mental health or stress or burnout or bullying or harass$ or violence or violent$) adj3 (NHS employees or NHS practitioners or NHS professionals or NHS staff or NHS workforce or NHS workers)).ti,ab. (15)

44.  44 ((anxiety or depressed or depression or mental health or stress or burnout or bullying or harass$ or violence or violent$) adj3 (healthcare employees or healthcare practitioners or healthcare professionals or healthcare staff or healthcare workforce or healthcare workers)).ti,ab. (287)

45.  45 ((anxiety or depressed or depression or mental health or stress or burnout or bullying or harass$ or violence or violent$) adj3 (health care employees or health care practitioners or health care professionals or health care staff or health care workforce or health care workers)).ti,ab. (611)

46.  46 ((anxiety or depressed or depression or mental health or stress or burnout or bullying or harass$ or violence or violent$) adj3 (health employees or health practitioners or health professionals or health staff or health workforce or health workers)).ti,ab. (6280)

47.  47 ((anxiety or depressed or depression or mental health or stress or burnout or bullying or harass$ or violence or violent$) adj3 (medical employees or medical practitioners or medical professionals or medical staff or medical workforce or medical workers)).ti,ab. (178)

48.  48 ((anxiety or depressed or depression or mental health or stress or burnout or bullying or harass$ or violence or violent$) adj3 (medical students or medical undergraduates)).ti,ab. (608)

49.  49 ((anxiety or depressed or depression or mental health or stress or burnout or bullying or harass$ or violence or violent$) adj3 (nurse$ or nursing or doctor$ or physician$ or midwi$)).ti,ab. (12,284)

50.  50 ((anxiety or depressed or depression or mental health or stress or burnout or bullying or harass$ or violence or violent$) adj3 (hospital employees or hospital practitioners or hospital professionals or hospital staff or hospital workforce or hospital workers)).ti,ab. (76)

51.  51 43 or 44 or 45 or 46 or 47 or 48 or 49 or 50 (19,671)

52.  52 ((healthy eating or diet or nutrition or obesity or overweight or exercise or physical activity or sedentary behavi$ or lifestyle) adj3 (NHS employees or NHS practitioners or NHS professionals or NHS staff or NHS workforce or NHS workers)).ti,ab. (5)

53.  53 ((healthy eating or diet or nutrition or obesity or overweight or exercise or physical activity or sedentary behavi$ or lifestyle) adj3 (healthcare employees or healthcare practitioners or healthcare professionals or healthcare staff or healthcare workforce or healthcare workers)).ti,ab. (120)

54.  54 ((healthy eating or diet or nutrition or obesity or overweight or exercise or physical activity or sedentary behavi$ or lifestyle) adj3 (health care employees or health care practitioners or health care professionals or health care staff or health care workforce or health care workers)).ti,ab. (130)

55.  55 ((healthy eating or diet or nutrition or obesity or overweight or exercise or physical activity or sedentary behavi$ or lifestyle) adj3 (health employees or health practitioners or health professionals or health staff or health workforce or health workers)).ti,ab. (359)

56.  56 ((healthy eating or diet or nutrition or obesity or overweight or exercise or physical activity or sedentary behavi$ or lifestyle) adj3 (medical employees or medical practitioners or medical professionals or medical staff or medical workforce or medical workers)).ti,ab. (36)

57.  57 ((healthy eating or diet or nutrition or obesity or overweight or exercise or physical activity or sedentary behavi$ or lifestyle) adj3 (medical students or medical undergraduates)).ti,ab. (208)

58.  58 ((healthy eating or diet or nutrition or obesity or overweight or exercise or physical activity or sedentary behavi$ or lifestyle) adj3 (nurse$ or nursing or doctor$ or physician$ or midwi$)).ti,ab. (3065)

59.  59 ((healthy eating or diet or nutrition or obesity or overweight or exercise or physical activity or sedentary behavi$ or lifestyle) adj3 (hospital employees or hospital practitioners or hospital professionals or hospital staff or hospital workforce or hospital workers)).ti,ab. (21)

60.  60 52 or 53 or 54 or 55 or 56 or 57 or 58 or 59 (3887)

61.  61 ((smoking or tobacco or alcoholism or alcohol abus$ or alcohol addict$ or alcohol drink$ or alcohol misus$ or drug abus$ or drug addict$ or drug misus$) adj3 (NHS employees or NHS practitioners or NHS professionals or NHS staff or NHS workforce or NHS workers)).ti,ab. (0)

62.  62 ((smoking or tobacco or alcoholism or alcohol abus$ or alcohol addict$ or alcohol drink$ or alcohol misus$ or drug abus$ or drug addict$ or drug misus$) adj3 (healthcare employees or healthcare practitioners or healthcare professionals or healthcare staff or healthcare workforce or healthcare workers)).ti,ab. (46)

63.  63 ((smoking or tobacco or alcoholism or alcohol abus$ or alcohol addict$ or alcohol drink$ or alcohol misus$ or drug abus$ or drug addict$ or drug misus$) adj3 (health care employees or health care practitioners or health care professionals or health care staff or health care workforce or health care workers)).ti,ab. (105)

64.  64 ((smoking or tobacco or alcoholism or alcohol abus$ or alcohol addict$ or alcohol drink$ or alcohol misus$ or drug abus$ or drug addict$ or drug misus$) adj3 (health employees or health practitioners or health professionals or health staff or health workforce or health workers)).ti,ab. (241)

65.  65 ((smoking or tobacco or alcoholism or alcohol abus$ or alcohol addict$ or alcohol drink$ or alcohol misus$ or drug abus$ or drug addict$ or drug misus$) adj3 (medical employees or medical practitioners or medical professionals or medical staff or medical workforce or medical workers)).ti,ab. (31)

66.  66 ((smoking or tobacco or alcoholism or alcohol abus$ or alcohol addict$ or alcohol drink$ or alcohol misus$ or drug abus$ or drug addict$ or drug misus$) adj3 (medical students or medical undergraduates)).ti,ab. (247)

67.  67 ((smoking or tobacco or alcoholism or alcohol abus$ or alcohol addict$ or alcohol drink$ or alcohol misus$ or drug abus$ or drug addict$ or drug misus$) adj3 (nurse$ or nursing or doctor$ or physician$ or midwi$)).ti,ab. (2040)

68.  68 ((smoking or tobacco or alcoholism or alcohol abus$ or alcohol addict$ or alcohol drink$ or alcohol misus$ or drug abus$ or drug addict$ or drug misus$) adj3 (hospital employees or hospital practitioners or hospital professionals or hospital staff or hospital workforce or hospital workers)).ti,ab. (48)

69.  69 61 or 62 or 63 or 64 or 65 or 66 or 67 or 68 (2654)

70.  70 *Health Personnel/ (23,667)

71.  71 (wellbeing or well-being or wellness or health promot$ or health check$).ti. (27,028)

72.  72 (anxiety or depressed or depression or mental health or stress or burnout or bullying or harass$ or violence or violent$).ti. (418,265)

73.  73 (healthy eating or diet or nutrition or exercise or physical activity or sedentary behavi$ or lifestyle or obesity or overweight).ti. (338,587)

74.  74 (alcoholism or alcohol abus$ or alcohol addict$ or alcohol drink$ or alcohol misus$ or drug abus$ or drug addict$ or drug misus$ or smoking or tobacco).ti. (117,867)

75.  75 (sick$ leave or sick$ absence or absenteeism or flu vaccinat$ or influenza vaccinat$).ti. (7982)

76.  76 (back adj2 pain).ti. (17,183)

77.  77 71 or 72 or 73 or 74 or 75 or 76 (909,277)

78.  78 70 and 77 (2526)

79.  79 15 or 24 or 33 or 42 or 51 or 60 or 69 or 78 (74,491)

80.  80 (systematic$ adj2 review$).ti,ab. (146,640)

81.  81 meta-analysis as topic/ (16,702)

82.  82 meta-analytic$.ti,ab. (6342)

83.  83 meta-analysis.ti,ab,pt. (145,685)

84.  84 metanalysis.ti,ab. (181)

85.  85 metaanalysis.ti,ab. (1491)

86.  86 meta analysis.ti,ab. (120,969)

87.  87 meta-synthesis.ti,ab. (704)

88.  88 metasynthesis.ti,ab. (272)

89.  89 meta synthesis.ti,ab. (704)

90.  90 meta-regression.ti,ab. (6211)

91.  91 metaregression.ti,ab. (564)

92.  92 meta regression.ti,ab. (6211)

93.  93 (synthes$ adj3 literature).ti,ab. (2860)

94.  94 (synthes$ adj3 evidence).ti,ab. (8651)

95.  95 integrative review.ti,ab. (2383)

96.  96 data synthesis.ti,ab. (10,216)

97.  97 (research synthesis or narrative synthesis).ti,ab. (2374)

98.  98 (systematic study or systematic studies).ti,ab. (10,981)

99.  99 (systematic comparison$ or systematic overview$).ti,ab. (3005)

100.  100 evidence based review.ti,ab. (1852)

101.  101 comprehensive review.ti,ab. (12,741)

102.  102 critical review.ti,ab. (14,551)

103.  103 quantitative review.ti,ab. (629)

104.  104 structured review.ti,ab. (740)

105.  105 realist review.ti,ab. (239)

106.  106 realist synthesis.ti,ab. (166)

107.  107 pooled analysis.ti,ab. (7300)

108.  108 or/80-107 (303,757)

109.  109 review.pt. (2,477,929)

110.  110 medline.ab. (100,321)

111.  111 pubmed.ab. (90,896)

112.  112 cochrane.ab. (67,385)

113.  113 embase.ab. (72,406)

114.  114 cinahl.ab. (22,305)

115.  115 psyc?lit.ab. (913)

116.  116 psyc?info.ab. (27,151)

117.  117 (literature adj3 search$).ab. (51,438)

118.  118 (database$ adj3 search$).ab. (50,418)

119.  119 (bibliographic adj3 search$).ab. (2221)

120.  120 (electronic adj3 search$).ab. (18,711)

121.  121 (electronic adj3 database$).ab. (24,199)

122.  122 (computeri?ed adj3 search$).ab. (3365)

123.  123 (internet adj3 search$).ab. (2894)

124.  124 included studies.ab. (18,879)

125.  125 (inclusion adj3 studies).ab. (13,809)

126.  126 inclusion criteria.ab. (72,125)

127.  127 selection criteria.ab. (27,992)

128.  128 predefined criteria.ab. (1770)

129.  129 predetermined criteria.ab. (970)

130.  130 (assess$ adj3 (quality or validity)).ab. (69,431)

131.  131 (select$ adj3 (study or studies)).ab. (59,357)

132.  132 (data adj3 extract$).ab. (53,494)

133.  133 extracted data.ab. (12,362)

134.  134 (data adj2 abstracted).ab. (4848)

135.  135 (data adj3 abstraction).ab. (1489)

136.  136 published intervention$.ab. (157)

137.  137 ((study or studies) adj2 evaluat$).ab. (166,265)

138.  138 (intervention$ adj2 evaluat$).ab. (9967)

139.  139 confidence interval$.ab. (365,701)

140.  140 heterogeneity.ab. (146,219)

141.  141 pooled.ab. (77,750)

142.  142 pooling.ab. (11,003)

143.  143 odds ratio$.ab. (239,017)

144.  144 (Jadad or coding).ab. (167,100)

145.  145 or/110-144 (1,284,446)

146.  146 109 and 145 (222,997)

147.  147 review.ti. (413,989)

148.  148 147 and 145 (116,759)

149.  149 (review$ adj4 (papers or trials or studies or evidence or intervention$ or evaluation$)).ti,ab. (166,288)

150.  150 108 or 146 or 148 or 149 (506,309)

151.  151 letter.pt. (1,015,413)

152.  152 editorial.pt. (481,572)

153.  153 comment.pt. (752,482)

154.  154 151 or 152 or 153 (1,694,614)

155.  155 150 not 154 (494,494)

156.  156 exp animals/ not humans/ (4,544,871)

157.  157 155 not 156 (481,921)

158.  158 79 and 157 (3336)

159.  159 limit 158 to yr=“2000 -Current” (3063)

Search strategy

Search strategy

Non-health care focused (n = 74)

Abraham C, Graham-Rowe E. Are worksite interventions effective in increasing physical activity? A systematic review and meta-analysis. Health Psychol Rev 2009;3:108–144.

Albertsen K, Borg V, Oldenburg B. A systematic review of the impact of work environment on smoking cessation, relapse and amount smoked. Prev Med 2006;43:291–305.

Allan J, Querstret D, Banas K, de Bruin M. Environmental interventions for altering eating behaviours of employees in the workplace: a systematic review. Obes Rev 2017;18:214–26. https://doi.org/10.1111/obr.12470

Anderson LM, Quinn TA, Glanz K, Ramirez G, Kahwati LC, Johnson DB, et al. The effectiveness of worksite nutrition and physical activity interventions for controlling employee overweight and obesity: a systematic review. Am J Prev Med 2009;37:340–57. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.amepre.2009.07.003

Archer WR, Batan MC, Buchanan LR, Soler RE, Ramsey DC, Kirchhofer A, Reyes M. Promising practices for the prevention and control of obesity in the worksite. Am J Health Promot 2011;25:e12–26. https://doi.org/10.4278/ajhp.090421-QUAN-144

Ausburn TF, LaCoursiere S, Crouter SE, McKay T. Review of worksite weight management programs. Workplace Health Saf 2014;62:122–6. https://doi.org/10.3928/21650799-20140219-06

Barbato DL, Sancini A, Caciari T, Rosati MV, Tomei G, Tomei F. [Dietary intervention programs in the workplace: an effective prevention strategy.] G Ital Med Lav Ergon 2010;32(Suppl. 4):100–3.

Becker I, Wallmann-Sperlich B, Rupp R, Bucksch J. [Workplace interventions to reduce sedentary behavior: A systematic review]. Gesundheitswesen 2019;81:606–14.

Bell K, McCullough L, DeVries K, Greaves L, Jategaonkar N. NICE Rapid review. Workplace Policies and Interventions for Smoking Cessation. Vancouver, BC: British Columbia Centre of Excellence for Women’s Health; 2006.

Bell K, Richardson L, McCullough L, Greaves L. Workplace Interventions to Promote Smoking Cessation. Vancouver, BC: British Columbia Center of Excellence for Women’s Health; 2006.

Benedict MA, Arterburn D. Worksite-based weight loss programs: a systematic review of recent literature. Am J Health Promot 2008;22:408–16. https://doi.org/10.4278/ajhp.22.6.408

Brinkley A, McDermott H, Munir F. What benefits does team sport hold for the workplace? A systematic review. J Sports Sci 2017;35:136–48. https://doi.org/10.1080/02640414.2016.1158852

Brown SA, García AA, Zuñiga JA, Lewis KA. Effectiveness of workplace diabetes prevention programs: A systematic review of the evidence. Patient Educ Couns 2018;101:1036–50.

Burnhams NH, Musekiwa A, Parry C, London L. A systematic review of evidence-based workplace prevention programmes that address substance abuse and HIV risk behaviours. Afr J Drug Alcohol Stud 2013;12:1–22.

Cairns JM, Bambra C, Hillier-Brown FC, Moore HJ, Summerbell CD. Weighing up the evidence: a systematic review of the effectiveness of workplace interventions to tackle socio-economic inequalities in obesity. J Public Health 2015;37:659–70. https://doi.org/10.1093/pubmed/fdu077

Cao C, Liu Y, Zhu W, Ma J. Effect of active workstation on energy expenditure and job performance: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Phys Act Health 2016;13:562–71. https://doi.org/10.1123/jpah.2014-0565

Carroll C, Rick J, Leaviss J, Fishwick D, Booth A. A qualitative evidence synthesis of employees’ views of workplace smoking reduction or cessation interventions. BMC Public Health 2013;13:1095. https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2458-13-1095

Chau JY, der Ploeg HP, van Uffelen JG, Wong J, Riphagen I, Healy GN, et al. Are workplace interventions to reduce sitting effective? A systematic review. Prev Med 2010;51:352–6. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ypmed.2010.08.012

Chu AH, Ng SH, Tan CS, Win AM, Koh D, Müller-Riemenschneider F. A systematic review and meta-analysis of workplace intervention strategies to reduce sedentary time in white-collar workers. Obes Rev 2016;17:467–81. https://doi.org/10.1111/obr.12388

Commissaris DA, Huysmans MA, Mathiassen SE, Srinivasan D, Koppes LLj, Hendriksen IJ. Interventions to reduce sedentary behavior and increase physical activity during productive work: a systematic review. Scand J Work Environ Health 2016;42:181–91. https://doi.org/10.5271/sjweh.3544

Conn VS, Hafdahl AR, Cooper PS, Brown LM, Lusk SL. Meta-analysis of workplace physical activity interventions. Am J Prev Med 2009;37:330–9. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.amepre.2009.06.008

Cook A, Teleni L, Allman-Farinelli M. Are workplaces an appropriate setting for nutrition promotion? A systematic review. Obes Rev 2014;15:T7:S32.11.

Cook R, Schlenger W. Prevention of substance abuse in the workplace: review of research on the delivery of services. J Prim Prev 2002;23:115–42.

Demou E, MacLean A, Cheripelli LJ, Hunt K, Gray CM. Group-based healthy lifestyle workplace interventions for shift workers: a systematic review. Scand J Work Environ Health 2018;44:568–84. https://doi.org/10.5271/sjweh.3763

Dugdill L, Brettle A, Hulme C, McCluskey S, Long AF. A Review of Effectiveness of Workplace Health Promotion Interventions on Physical Activity and What Works in Motivating and Changing Employees’ Health Behaviour; London: NICE; 2007.

Ferreira ML, Sartes LMA. Interventions carried out in the workplace for the use of drugs: systematic review. Psicol ciênc prof 2015;35:96–110.

Fichtenberg CM, Glantz SA. Effect of smoke-free workplaces on smoking behaviour: systematic review. BMJ 2002;325:188.

Flahr H, Brown WJ, Kolbe-Alexander TL. A systematic review of physical activity-based interventions in shift workers. Prev Med Rep 2018;10:323–31. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pmedr.2018.04.004

Geaney F, Kelly C, Greiner BA, Harrington JM, Perry IJ, Beirne P. The effectiveness of workplace dietary modification interventions: a systematic review. Prev Med 2013;57:438–47. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ypmed.2013.06.032

Hadgraft NT, Brakenridge CL, Dunstan DW, Owen N, Healy GN, Lawler SP. Perceptions of the acceptability and feasibility of reducing occupational sitting: review and thematic synthesis. Int J Behav Nutr Phys Act 2018;15:90. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12966-018-0718-9

Hafez D, Fedewa A, Moran M, O’Brien M, Ackermann R, Kullgren JT. Workplace interventions to prevent type 2 diabetes mellitus: a narrative review. Curr Diab Rep 2017;17:9. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11892-017-0840-0

Hendren S, Logomarsino J. Impact of worksite cafeteria interventions on fruit and vegetable consumption in adults: a systematic review. Int J Workplace Health Manag 2017;10:134–52.

Hutchinson AD, Wilson C. Improving nutrition and physical activity in the workplace: a meta-analysis of intervention studies. Health Promot Int 2012;27:238–49. https://doi.org/10.1093/heapro/dar035

Jensen JD. Can worksite nutritional interventions improve productivity and firm profitability? A literature review. Perspect Public Health 2011;131:184–92. https://doi.org/10.1177/1757913911408263

Knowlden A, Ickes MJ, Sharma M. Systematic analysis of tobacco treatment interventions implemented in worksite settings. J Subst Abuse 2014;19:283–94.

Kolar C, von Treuer K. Alcohol misuse interventions in the workplace: A systematic review of workplace and sports management alcohol interventions. Int J Ment Health Addict 2015;13:563–83.

Lassen AD, Fagt S, Lennernäs M, Nyberg M, Haapalar I, Thorsen AV, et al. The impact of worksite interventions promoting healthier food and/or physical activity habits among employees working ‘around the clock’ hours: a systematic review. Food Nutr Res 2018;62. https://doi.org/10.29219/fnr.v62.1115

Lee NK, Roche AM, Duraisingam V, Fischer J, Cameron J, Pidd K. A systematic review of alcohol interventions among workers in male-dominated industries. J Mens Health 2014;11:53–63.

Leeks KD, Hopkins DP, Soler RE, Aten A, Chattopadhyay SK, Task Force on Community Preventive Services. Worksite-based incentives and competitions to reduce tobacco use. A systematic review. Am J Prev Med 2010;38(Suppl. 2):263–74. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.amepre.2009.10.034

MacDonald B, Janssen X, Kirk A, Patience M, Gibson AM. An integrative, systematic review exploring the research, effectiveness, adoption, implementation, and maintenance of interventions to reduce sedentary behaviour in office workers. Int J Environ Res Public Health 2018;15:E2876.

MacEwen BT, MacDonald DJ, Burr JF. A systematic review of standing and treadmill desks in the workplace. Prev Med 2015;70:50–8. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ypmed.2014.11.011

Mackenzie K, Such E, Norman P, Goyder E. The development, implementation and evaluation of interventions to reduce workplace sitting: a qualitative systematic review and evidence-based operational framework. BMC Public Health 2018;18:833. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-018-5768-z

Malik SH, Blake H, Suggs LS. A systematic review of workplace health promotion interventions for increasing physical activity. Br J Health Psychol 2014;19:149–80. https://doi.org/10.1111/bjhp.12052

Malińska M. [Effectiveness of physical activity intervention at workplace.] Med Pr 2017;68:277–301.

Mehta S, Dimsdale J, Nagle B, Holub CK, Woods C, Barquera S, Elder JP. Worksite interventions: improving lifestyle habits among Latin American adults. Am J Prev Med 2013;44:538–42. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.amepre.2013.01.015

Neuhaus M, Eakin E, Straker L, Owen N, Dunstan D, Reid N, et al. A systematic review and meta-analysis of the effectiveness of activity-permissive workstations to reduce sedentary time in office workers. J Sci Med Sport 2014;18:e126–e7.

Ni Mhurchu C, Aston LM, Jebb SA. Effects of worksite health promotion interventions on employee diets: a systematic review. BMC Public Health 2010;10:62. https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2458-10-62

Ojo SO, Bailey DP, Chater AM, Hewson DJ. The Impact of Active Workstations on Workplace Productivity and Performance: A Systematic Review. Int J Environ Res Public Health 2018;15:E417.

Penalvo JL, Micha R, Smith JD, Rehm CD, Bishop E, Onopa JA, et al. Do worksite wellness programs improve dietary behaviors and adiposity? A systematic review and meta-analysis. Circulation 2017;135:AMP005.

Pereira MJ, Coombes BK, Comans TA, Johnston V. The impact of onsite workplace health-enhancing physical activity interventions on worker productivity: a systematic review. Occup Environ Med 2015;72:401–12. https://doi.org/10.1136/oemed-2014-102678

Podrekar N, Kozinc Ž, Šarabon N. Effects of cycle and treadmill desks on energy expenditure and cardio-metabolic parameters in sedentary workers: review and meta-analysis. Int J Occup Saf and Ergon 2018:1–34.

Proper KI, Koning M, van der Beek AJ, Hildebrandt VH, Bosscher RJ, van Mechelen W. The effectiveness of worksite physical activity programs on physical activity, physical fitness, and health. Clin J Sport Med 2003;13:106–17. https://doi.org/10.1097/00042752-200303000-00008

Proper KI, Staal BJ, Hildebrandt VH, van der Beek AJ, van Mechelen W. Effectiveness of physical activity programs at worksites with respect to work-related outcomes. Scand J Work Environ Health 2002;28:75–84.

Robroek SJ, van Lenthe FJ, van Empelen P, Burdorf A. Determinants of participation in worksite health promotion programmes: a systematic review. Int J Behav Nutr Phys Act 2009;6:26. https://doi.org/10.1186/1479-5868-6-26

Rudolph S, Göring A, Padrok D. [Physical activity in the context of workplace health promotion: a systematic review on the effectiveness of software-based in contrast to personal-based interventions]. Gesundheitswesen 2019;81:866–80.

Rueff A, Logomarsino J. Increasing fruit and vegetable intake among manufacturing workers. Int J Workplace Health Manag 2016;9:32–45.

Ryde GC, Gilson ND, Burton NW, Brown WJ. Recruitment rates in workplace physical activity interventions: characteristics for success. Am J Health Promot 2013;27:e101–12. https://doi.org/10.4278/ajhp.120404-LIT-187

Sandercock V, Andrade J. Evaluation of worksite wellness nutrition and physical activity programs and their subsequent impact on participants’ body composition. J Obes 2018;2018:1035871. https://doi.org/10.1155/2018/1035871

Shaw AM, Wootton SA, Fallowfield JL, Allsopp AJ, Parsons EL. Environmental interventions to promote healthier eating and physical activity behaviours in institutions: a systematic review. Public Health Nutr 2019;22:1518–31. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1368980018003683

Smedslund G, Fisher KJ, Boles SM, Lichtenstein E. The effectiveness of workplace smoking cessation programmes: a meta-analysis of recent studies. Tob Control 2004;13:197–204.

Sorensen G, Linnan L, Hunt MK. Worksite-based research and initiatives to increase fruit and vegetable consumption. Prev Med 2004;39(Suppl. 2):94–100. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ypmed.2003.12.020

Steyn NP, Parker W, Lambert EV, McHiza Z. Nutrition interventions in the workplace: evidence of best practice. South Afr J Clin Nutr 2009;22:111–17.

Tam G, Yeung MPS. A systematic review of the long-term effectiveness of work-based lifestyle interventions to tackle overweight and obesity. Prev Med 2018;107:54–60.

Taylor N, Conner M, Lawton R. The impact of theory on the effectiveness of worksite physical activity interventions: a meta-analysis and meta-regression. Health Psychol Rev 2012;6:33–73.

Taylor WC, Suminski RR, Das BM, Paxton RJ, Craig DW. Organizational culture and implications for workplace interventions to reduce sitting time among office-based workers: a systematic review. Front Public Health 2018;6:263. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpubh.2018.00263

Tew GA, Posso MC, Arundel CE, McDaid CM. Systematic review: height-adjustable workstations to reduce sedentary behaviour in office-based workers. Occup Med 2015;65:357–66. https://doi.org/10.1093/occmed/kqv044

To QG, Chen TT, Magnussen CG, To KG. Workplace physical activity interventions: a systematic review. Am J Health Promot 2013;27:e113–23. https://doi.org/10.4278/ajhp.120425-LIT-222

van Dongen JM, Proper KI, van Wier MF, van der Beek AJ, Bongers PM, van Mechelen W, van Tulder MW. Systematic review on the financial return of worksite health promotion programmes aimed at improving nutrition and/or increasing physical activity. Obes Rev 2011;12:1031–49. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-789X.2011.00925.x

Verweij LM, Coffeng J, van Mechelen W, Proper KI. Meta-analyses of workplace physical activity and dietary behaviour interventions on weight outcomes. Obes Rev 2011;12:406–29. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-789X.2010.00765.x

Vuillemin A, Rostami C, Maes L, Van Cauwenberghe E, Van Lenthe FJ, Brug J, et al. Worksite physical activity interventions and obesity: a review of European studies (the HOPE project). Obes Facts 2011;4:479–88. https://doi.org/10.1159/000335255

Fichtenberg CM, Glantz SA. Effect of smoke-free workplaces on smoking behaviour: systematic review. BMJ 2002;325:188.

Webb G, Shakeshaft A, Sanson-Fisher R, Havard A. A systematic review of work-place interventions for alcohol-related problems. Addiction 2009;104:365–77. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1360-0443.2008.02472.x

Weerasekara YK, Roberts SB, Kahn MA, LaVertu AE, Hoffman B, Das SK. Effectiveness of workplace weight management interventions: a systematic review. Curr Obes Rep 2016;5:298–306. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13679-016-0205-z

Wong JY, Gilson ND, van Uffelen JG, Brown WJ. The effects of workplace physical activity interventions in men: a systematic review. Am J Mens Health 2012;6:303–13. https://doi.org/10.1177/1557988312436575

Health care focused (n = 4)

Al-Khudairy L, Uthman OA, Walmsley R, Johnson S, Oyebode O. Choice architecture interventions to improve diet and/or dietary behaviour by healthcare staff in high-income countries: a systematic review. BMJ Open 2019;9:e023687. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2018-023687

Kelly M, Wills J. Systematic review: what works to address obesity in nurses? Occup Med 2018;68:228–38. https://doi.org/10.1093/occmed/kqy038

Power BT, Kiezebrink K, Allan JL, Campbell MK. Effects of workplace-based dietary and/or physical activity interventions for weight management targeting healthcare professionals: a systematic review of randomised controlled trials. BMC Obes 2014;1:23. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40608-014-0023-3

Torquati L, Pavey T, Kolbe-Alexander T, Leveritt M. Promoting Diet and Physical Activity in Nurses. Am J Health Promot 2017;31:19–27. https://doi.org/10.4278/ajhp.141107-LIT-562

Non-health care focused (n = 52)

Aust B, Ducki A. Comprehensive health promotion interventions at the workplace: experiences with health circles in Germany. J Occup Health Psychol 2004;9:258–70. https://doi.org/10.1037/1076-8998.9.3.258

Bambra C, Egan M, Thomas S, Petticrew M, Whitehead M. The psychosocial and health effects of workplace reorganisation. 2. A systematic review of task restructuring interventions. J Epidemiol Community Health 2007;61:1028–37.

Bambra C, Gibson M, Sowden AJ, Wright K, Whitehead M, Petticrew M. Working for health? Evidence from systematic reviews on the effects on health and health inequalities of organisational changes to the psychosocial work environment. Prev Med 2009;48:454–61. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ypmed.2008.12.018

Bambra CL, Whitehead MM, Sowden AJ, Akers J, Petticrew MP. Shifting schedules: the health effects of reorganizing shift work. Am J Prev Med 2008;34:427–34. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.amepre.2007.12.023

Bambra C, Whitehead M, Sowden A, Akers J, Petticrew M. ‘A hard day’s night?’ The effects of compressed working week interventions on the health and work-life balance of shift workers: a systematic review. J Epidemiol Community Health 2008;62:764–77.

Buchberger B, Heymann R, Huppertz H, Friepörtner K, Pomorin N, Wasem J. The effectiveness of interventions in workplace health promotion as to maintain the working capacity of health care personal. GMS Health Technol Assess 2011;7:Doc06. https://doi.org/10.3205/hta000097

Carvalho AFS, Dias EC. Health promotion in the workplace: a systematic review of the literature. Rev Bras Promoç Saúde (Impr) 2012;25:116–26.

Chapman LS. Meta-evaluation of worksite health promotion economic return studies: 2012 update. Am J Health Promot 2012;26:TAHP1–TAHP12. https://doi.org/10.4278/ajhp.26.4.tahp

Cloostermans L, Bekkers MB, Uiters E, Proper KI. The effectiveness of interventions for ageing workers on (early) retirement, work ability and productivity: a systematic review. Int Arch Occup Environ Health 2015;88:521–32.

Cooklin A, Joss N, Husser E, Oldenburg B. Integrated approaches to occupational health and safety: a systematic review. Am J Health Promot 2017;31:401–12. https://doi.org/10.4278/ajhp.141027-LIT-542

Cox A, Hillage J, Fletcher L, Marvell R, Willson S, Miller L, et al. The Effectiveness and Cost-effectiveness of Methods of Protecting and Promoting the Health of Older Workers. Evidence Review for Research Question 1. Brighton: Institute for Employment Studies; 2014.

Daniels K, Gedikli C, Watson D, Semkina A, Vaughn O. Job design, employment practices and well-being: a systematic review of intervention studies. Ergonomics 2017;60:1177–96. https://doi.org/10.1080/00140139.2017.1303085

Daniels K, Watson D, Gedikli C. Well-being and the social environment of work: a systematic review of intervention studies. Int J Environ Res Public Health 2017;14:E918.

Dos Santos NC, Santos LS, Camelier FWR, Maciel RRBT, Portella DDA. Technologies applied to occupational health promotion: a systematic review. Rev bras med trab 2017;15:113–22.

Egan M, Bambra C, Thomas S, Petticrew M, Whitehead M, Thomson H. The psychosocial and health effects of workplace reorganisation. 1. A systematic review of organisational-level interventions that aim to increase employee control. J Epidemiol Community Health 2007;61:945–54.

Engbers LH, van Poppel MN, Chin A Paw MJ, van Mechelen W. Worksite health promotion programs with environmental changes: a systematic review. Am J Prev Med 2005;29:61–70.

Feltner C, Peterson K, Palmieri Weber R, Cluff L, Coker-Schwimmer E, Viswanathan M, Lohr KN. The effectiveness of Total Worker Health interventions: a systematic review for a National Institutes of Health Pathways to Prevention Workshop. Ann Intern Med 2016;165:262–9. https://doi.org/10.7326/M16-0626

Grossmeier J, Terry PE, Anderson DR, Wright S. Financial impact of population health management programs: reevaluating the literature. Popul Health Manag 2012;15:129–34. https://doi.org/10.1089/pop.2010.0086

Hillage J, Holmes J, Rickard C, Marvell R, Taskila T, Bajorek Z, et al. Workplace Policy and Management Practices to Improve the Health of Employees. Evidence Review 2 (Effectiveness of Organisational Interventions that Aim to Support Line Managers to Enhance the Wellbeing of the People They Manage). Brighton: Institute for Employment Studies; 2014.

Hillage J, Holmes J, Rickard C, Marvell R, Taskila T, Bajorek Z, et al. Workplace Policy and Management Practices to Improve the Health of Employees. Evidence Review 1 (Effectiveness of Interventions Taken by Supervisors That Could Enhance the Wellbeing of the People They Manage). Brighton: Institute for Employment Studies; 2014.

Howarth A, Quesada J, Silva J, Judycki S, Mills PR. The impact of digital health interventions on health-related outcomes in the workplace: A systematic review. Digit Health 2018;4:2055207618770861. https://doi.org/10.1177/2055207618770861

Jacobs JC, Yaquian E, Burke SM, Rouse M, Zaric G. The economic impact of workplace wellness programmes in Canada. Occup Med 2017;67:429–34. https://doi.org/10.1093/occmed/kqx075

Janer G, Sala M, Kogevinas M. Health promotion trials at worksites and risk factors for cancer. Scand J Work Environ Health 2002;28:141–57.

Kahn-Marshall JL, Gallant MP. Making healthy behaviors the easy choice for employees: a review of the literature on environmental and policy changes in worksite health promotion. Health Educ Behav 2012;39:752–76. https://doi.org/10.1177/1090198111434153

Kaspin LC, Gorman KM, Miller RM. Systematic review of employer-sponsored wellness strategies and their economic and health-related outcomes. Popul Health Manag 2013;16:14–21. https://doi.org/10.1089/pop.2012.0006

Knight C, Patterson M, Dawson J. Building work engagement: a systematic review and meta-analysis investigating the effectiveness of work engagement interventions. J Organ Behav 2017;38:792–812. https://doi.org/10.1002/job.2167

Kuoppala J, Lamminpää A, Husman P. Work health promotion, job well-being, and sickness absences – a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Occup Environ Med 2008;50:1216–27. https://doi.org/10.1097/JOM.0b013e31818dbf92

Lerner D, Rodday AM, Cohen JT, Rogers WH. A systematic review of the evidence concerning the economic impact of employee-focused health promotion and wellness programs. J Occup Environ Med 2013;55:209–22. https://doi.org/10.1097/JOM.0b013e3182728d3c

Meng L, Wolff MB, Mattick KA, DeJoy DM, Wilson MG, Smith ML. Strategies for Worksite Health Interventions to Employees with Elevated Risk of Chronic Diseases. Saf Health Work 2017;8:117–29. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.shaw.2016.11.004

Micucci S, Thomas H. The Effectiveness of Multi-faceted Health Promotion Interventions in the Workplace to Reduce Chronic Disease. Effective Public Health Practice Project. Dundas: Public Health and Community Services Department; 2007.

Montano D, Hoven H, Siegrist J. A meta-analysis of health effects of randomized controlled worksite interventions: does social stratification matter? Scand J Work Environ Health 2014;40:230–4.

Montano D, Hoven H, Siegrist J. Effects of organisational-level interventions at work on employees’ health: a systematic review. BMC Public Health 2014;14:135. https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2458-14-135

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Nejati A, Shepley M, Rodiek S. A review of design and policy interventions to promote nurses’ restorative breaks in health care workplaces. Workplace Health Saf 2016;64:70–7. https://doi.org/10.1177/2165079915612097

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Escartín J. Insights into workplace bullying: psychosocial drivers and effective interventions. Psychol Res Behav Manag 2016;9:157–69. https://doi.org/10.2147/PRBM.S91211

Hodgins M, MacCurtain S, Mannix-McNamara P. Workplace bullying and incivility: a systematic review of interventions. Int J Workplace Health Manag 2014;7:54–72.

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Anderson KK, Jenson CE. Violence risk-assessment screening tools for acute care mental health settings: literature review. Arch Psychiatr Nurs 2019;33:112–19.

Anderson L, FitzGerald M, Luck L. An integrative literature review of interventions to reduce violence against emergency department nurses. J Clin Nurs 2010;19:2520–30. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2702.2009.03144.x

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Kynoch K, Wu CJ, Chang AM. Interventions for preventing and managing aggressive patients admitted to an acute hospital setting: a systematic review. Worldviews Evid Based Nurs 2011;8:76–86. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1741-6787.2010.00206.x

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Amlani NM, Munir F. Does physical activity have an impact on sickness absence? A review. Sports Med 2014;44:887–907. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40279-014-0171-0

Brown HE, Gilson ND, Burton NW, Brown WJ. Does physical activity impact on presenteeism and other indicators of workplace well-being? Sportsmedicine (Auckland, NZ) 2011;41:249–62

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Williams-Whitt K, White MI, Wagner SL, Schultz IZ, Koehn C, Dionne CE, et al. Job demand and control interventions: a stakeholder-centered best-evidence synthesis of systematic reviews on workplace disability. Int J Occup Environ Med 2015;6:61–78. https://doi.org/10.15171/ijoem.2015.553

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Edwards D, Hawker C, Carrier J, Rees C. The effectiveness of strategies and interventions that aim to assist the transition from student to newly qualified nurse. JBI Libr Syst Rev 2011;9:2215–323.

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Larun L, Dalsbø TK, Hafstad E, Reinar LM. Effects of Interventions for Prevention of Sick Leave and Disability for Health Personnel. Oslo: Knowledge Centre for the Health Services, Norwegian Institute of Public Health; 2014.

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Dinour LM, Szaro JM. Employer-based programs to support breastfeeding among working mothers: a systematic review. Breastfeed Med 2017;12:131–41. https://doi.org/10.1089/bfm.2016.0182

Hilliard ED. A review of worksite lactation accommodations: occupational health professionals can assure success. Workplace Health Saf 2017;65:33–44.

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Kim JH, Shin JC, Donovan SM. Effectiveness of workplace lactation interventions on breastfeeding outcomes in the United States: an updated systematic review. J Hum Lact. 2019;35:100–13.

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Dada YM. Evidence-based health care worker influenza vaccination program. Minneapolis, MN: Walden University; 2014.

Hofmann F, Ferracin C, Marsh G, Dumas R. Influenza vaccination of healthcare workers: a literature review of attitudes and beliefs. Infection 2006;34:142–7. https://doi.org/10.1007/s15010-006-5109-5

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Lorenc T, Marshall D, Wright K, Sutcliffe K, Sowden A. Seasonal influenza vaccination of healthcare workers: systematic review of qualitative evidence. BMC Health Serv Res 2017;17:732. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12913-017-2703-4

Lytras T, Kopsachilis F, Mouratidou E, Papamichail D, Bonovas S. Interventions to increase seasonal influenza vaccine coverage in healthcare workers: A systematic review and meta-regression analysis. Hum Vaccin Immunother 2016;12:671–81. https://doi.org/10.1080/21645515.2015.1106656

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Rashid H, Yin JK, Ward K, King C, Seale H, Booy R. Assessing interventions to improve influenza vaccine uptake among health care workers. Health Aff 2016;35:284–92. https://doi.org/10.1377/hlthaff.2015.1087

Schmidt S, Saulle R, Di Thiene D, Boccia A, La Torre G. Do the quality of the trials and the year of publication affect the efficacy of intervention to improve seasonal influenza vaccination among healthcare workers?: Results of a systematic review. Hum Vaccin Immunother 2013;9:349–61.

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Aboagye E, Kwak L, Grimani A. The impact of worksite nutrition and physical activity interventions on productivity, work performance and work ability: a systematic review. PROSPERO 2017:CRD42017081837. URL: www.crd.york.ac.uk/PROSPERO/display_record.asp?ID=CRD42017081837 (accessed 9 March 2020).

Anthony L. Identifying work-life balance interventions for the public sector: a systematic review. PROSPERO 2018:CRD42018117145. URL: www.crd.york.ac.uk/PROSPERO/display_record.asp?ID=CRD42018117145 (accessed 9 March 2020).

Backhaus T. Mental health promotion in workplace settings: a systematic literature review of economic evaluation studies. PROSPERO 2016:CRD42016037703. URL: www.crd.york.ac.uk/PROSPERO/display_record.asp?ID=CRD42016037703 (accessed 9 March 2020).

Baid D, Finkelstein E, Patnaik D. Tranter E. Is there a return on investment for chronic disease prevention programmes in the workplace? A systematic review of the literature. PROSPERO 2018:CRD42018090630. URL: www.crd.york.ac.uk/PROSPERO/display_record.asp?ID=CRD42018090630 (accessed 9 March 2020).

Bailey C, Hill B, Hills A, Venn A, Teede H, Skouteris H, et al. Preconception, pregnancy and postpartum health and well-being interventions in the workplace: a systematic review. PROSPERO 2018:CRD42018116435. URL: www.crd.york.ac.uk/PROSPERO/display_record.asp?ID=CRD42018116435 (accessed 9 March 2020).

Berkman L, Kubzansky L, Kelly EL, Sianoja M, Johnson S. An exploration of workplace interventions intended to improve the psychosocial, job-related, eudaimonic, and/or work-family well-being of workers 18 and over: protocol for a systematic review. PROSPERO 2018:CRD42018084007. URL: www.crd.york.ac.uk/PROSPERO/display_record.asp?ID=CRD42018084007 (accessed 9 March 2020).

Brakenridge C, Healy G, Dunstan D, Owen N, Lawler S. Factors perceived to influence workplace sitting time: thematic synthesis of qualitative findings. PROSPERO 2017:CRD42017081880. URL: www.crd.york.ac.uk/PROSPERO/display_record.asp?ID=CRD42017081880 (accessed 9 March 2020).

Brierley M, Smith L, Bailey D, Chater A. Effectiveness of sedentary behaviour workplace interventions on cardiometabolic risk markers: a systematic review. PROSPERO 2017:CRD42017072427. URL: www.crd.york.ac.uk/PROSPERO/display_record.asp?ID=CRD42017072427 (accessed 9 March 2020).

Buckingham S, Williams AJ, Morrissey K, Price L, Harrison J. Mobile health interventions to promote physical activity and reduce sedentary behaviour in the workplace: a systematic review. PROSPERO 2017:CRD42017058856. URL: www.crd.york.ac.uk/PROSPERO/display_record.asp?ID=CRD42017058856 (accessed 9 March 2020).

Burn N, Maguire N, Weston K, Weston M, Atkinson G. Workplace exercise interventions: a systematic review and meta-analysis. PROSPERO 2017:CRD42017057498. URL: www.crd.york.ac.uk/PROSPERO/display_record.asp?ID=CRD42017057498 (accessed 9 March 2020).

Burrell J, Baker F, Allen C. Resilience factors in employees: a systematic review of the capacities and strategies that employees use to strengthen their resilience in the workplace. PROSPERO 2018:CRD42018117788. URL: www.crd.york.ac.uk/PROSPERO/display_record.asp?ID=CRD42018117788 (accessed 9 March 2020).

Court A. The effects of exposure to natural light in the workplace on the health and productivity of office workers: a systematic review protocol. JBI Library of Systematic Reviews 2010;8:1–19.

Czuba K, Oliver F, Vandal A, Kayes N. Workplace interventions to improve work-related psychosocial outcomes and reduce turnover of support workers in residential aged care: a systematic review. PROSPERO 2017:CRD42017059007. URL: www.crd.york.ac.uk/PROSPERO/display_record.asp?ID=CRD42017059007 (accessed 9 March 2020).

Dagnan D, Eastlake L, Jackson I. Systematic review of staff based interventions and support systems to improve the well-being of staff that provide care to people with intellectual disabilities. PROSPERO 2016:CRD42016037234. URL: www.crd.york.ac.uk/PROSPERO/display_record.asp?ID=CRD42016037234 (accessed 9 March 2020).

Daniels K, Hogg M, Nayani R, Tregaskis O, Watson D. Factors influencing the implementation of workplace health and wellbeing interventions. PROSPERO 2019:CRD42019119656. URL: www.crd.york.ac.uk/PROSPERO/display_record.asp?ID=CRD42019119656 (accessed 9 March 2020).

Engelen L, Chau J, Jeyapalan D, Mackey M. Systematic review of the state of the art of the physical and mental effects of activity based working. PROSPERO 2016:CRD42016043659. URL: www.crd.york.ac.uk/PROSPERO/display_record.asp?ID=CRD42016043659 (accessed 9 March 2020).

Engelen L, Ochs K. Active design and healthy behaviour and wellbeing: a systematic review. PROSPERO 2016:CRD42016048165. URL: www.crd.york.ac.uk/PROSPERO/display_record.php?ID=CRD42016048165 (accessed 9 March 2020).

Fereday R, Bosworth C, Charalampous M. How effective are workplace mindfulness-based interventions (MBIs) at improving common mental disorders and reducing absenteeism? PROSPERO 2018:CRD42018092112. URL: www.crd.york.ac.uk/PROSPERO/display_record.asp?ID=CRD42018092112 (accessed 9 March 2020).

Foster H. Lactation in the workplace: a systematic review of worksite-based policies, programs to improve breastfeeding outcomes of working women. PROSPERO 2017:CRD42017052662. URL: www.crd.york.ac.uk/PROSPERO/display_record.asp?ID=CRD42017052662 (accessed 9 March 2020).

Grande AJ, Fuga M, Ayres NO. Chair massage for adults in the workplace: systematic review. PROSPERO 2017:CRD42017077413. URL: www.crd.york.ac.uk/PROSPERO/display_record.asp?ID=CRD42017077413 (accessed 9 March 2020).

Gray K, Springer A, Taylor W, VonVille H. Increasing physical activity in the workplace: a systematic review. PROSPERO 2017:CRD42017054844. URL: www.crd.york.ac.uk/PROSPERO/display_record.asp?ID=CRD42017054844 (accessed 9 March 2020).

Grimani A, MacGillivray S, Newnam S. The impact of workplace mental health interventions on work-related outcomes: a systematic review. PROSPERO 2018:CRD42018093812. URL: www.crd.york.ac.uk/PROSPERO/display_record.asp?ID=CRD42018093812 (accessed 9 March 2020).

Hadley S, Tudor-Edwards R. Bryning L Global review of the cost-benefit and or cost-effectiveness of mental health interventions in the workplace. PROSPERO 2018:CRD42018096826. URL: www.crd.york.ac.uk/PROSPERO/display_record.asp?ID=CRD42018096826 (accessed 9 March 2020).

Hengel KO, Coenen P, Robroek S, Boot C, Van Lenthe F, Van der Beek A, et al. Socioeconomic differences in reach, compliance and effectiveness of lifestyle interventions among workers: protocol for an individual participant meta-analysis and the separate equity-specific re-analysis of each study PROSPERO 2018:CRD42018099878. URL: www.crd.york.ac.uk/PROSPERO/display_record.asp?ID=CRD42018099878 (accessed 9 March 2020).

Krishnamoorthy Y, Eliyas SK, Sarveswaran G, Sakthivel M. The effectiveness of workplace interventions for reducing alcohol consumption: a systematic review and meta-analysis. PROSPERO 2018:CRD42018116343. URL: www.crd.york.ac.uk/PROSPERO/display_record.asp?ID=CRD42018116343 (accessed 9 March 2020).

Kuehnl A, Rehfuess E, von Elm E, Nowak D, Glaser J. Human resource management training of supervisors for improving health and well-being of employees. PROSPERO 2015:CRD42015016987. URL: www.crd.york.ac.uk/PROSPERO/display_record.asp?ID=CRD42015016987 (accessed 9 March 2020).

Kwan SC, Imai H, Sakamoto R. A systematic review on the effects of active commuting on cardiovascular health. PROSPERO 2018:CRD42018094312. URL: www.crd.york.ac.uk/PROSPERO/display_record.asp?ID=CRD42018094312 (accessed 9 March 2020).

Lee A. Efficacy of mobile apps in improving psychological well-being in the workplace: a systematic review. PROSPERO 2017:CRD42017067821. URL: www.crd.york.ac.uk/PROSPERO/display_record.asp?ID=CRD42017067821 (accessed 9 March 2020).

Lock M, Dollman J, Post D, Eston R, Parfitt G. Efficacy of theory-driven workplace physical activity interventions: a systematic literature review. PROSPERO 2017:CRD42017056615. URL: www.crd.york.ac.uk/PROSPERO/display_record.asp?ID=CRD42017056615 (accessed 9 March 2020).

Loitz CC, Potter RJ, Walker JL, McLeod NC, Johnston NJ. The effectiveness of workplace interventions to increase physical activity and decrease sedentary behaviour in adults: protocol for a systematic review. Syst Rev 2015;4:178.

Lyssenko L, Hahn C, Kleindienst N, Bohus M, Ostermann M, Vonderlin R. A systematic review of mindfulness-based interventions in occupational settings. PROSPERO 2015:CRD42015019282. URL: www.crd.york.ac.uk/PROSPERO/display_record.asp?ID=CRD42015019282 (accessed 9 March 2020).

Merida MJ, Saldaña MR, Abellan MV, Monroy AM, Cordero RDD, Luque RM, et al. Effectiveness of workplace health promotion in workers’ health: Systematic review and meta-analysis. PROSPERO 2018:CRD42018103825. URL: www.crd.york.ac.uk/prospero/display_record.php?RecordID=103825 (accessed 9 March 2020).

Merom D, Gebel K, Sweeting J, Stanaway F, Ding D, Mumu S. Physical activity worksite interventions delivered to older employees: a systematic review, PROSPERO 2018:CRD42018084863. URL: www.crd.york.ac.uk/PROSPERO/display_record.asp?ID=CRD42018084863 (accessed 9 March 2020).

Micklitz K,Wong G, Howick J. Workplace mindfulness-based programs for mental health: a realist review. PROSPERO 2018:CRD42018086280. URL: www.crd.york.ac.uk/PROSPERO/display_record.asp?ID=CRD42018086280 (accessed 9 March 2020).

Moreno-Peral P, Bellón JÁ. Effectiveness of psychological and/or educational interventions to prevent depression at work place: a systematic review and meta analysis. PROSPERO 2017:CRD42017055728. URL: www.crd.york.ac.uk/PROSPERO/display_record.asp?ID=CRD42017055728 (accessed 9 March 2020).

Muir S, Silva S, Woldegiorgis M, Rider H, Meyer D, Jayawardana M. Predictors of engagement and successful outcomes in workplace health and exercise programs targeting physical activity: a systematic review. PROSPERO 2017:CRD42017074358. URL: www.crd.york.ac.uk/PROSPERO/display_record.asp?ID=CRD42017074358 (accessed 9 March 2020).

Mulchandani R, Chandrasekaran AM, Goenka S, Agrawal A, Panniyammakal J, Prabhakaran D, et al. Effect of workplace physical activity interventions on the cardio-metabolic health of working adults: systematic review and meta-analysis. PROSPERO 2018:CRD42018094436. URL: www.crd.york.ac.uk/PROSPERO/display_record.asp?ID=CRD42018094436 (accessed 9 March 2020).

Murawski B, Hodder R, Hope K, Reilly K, Jackson R, Sutherland R, et al. The effectiveness of interventions on improving the dietary, physical activity and sleep behaviours of school and childcare staff: a systematic review of the evidence. PROSPERO 2018:CRD42018107750. URL: www.crd.york.ac.uk/PROSPERO/display_record.asp?ID=CRD42018107750 (accessed 9 March 2020).

Murtagh MJ, Yarker J, Lewis R. To explore the prevalence, effectiveness and impact of self-confidence training interventions in the workplace. A systematic review. PROSPERO 2018:CRD42018099715. URL: www.crd.york.ac.uk/PROSPERO/display_record.asp?ID=CRD42018099715 (accessed 9 March 2020).

Neez E, De Wilt E, Pentafragka E, Chan A. Costs and benefits of workplace wellness programs in Europe: a systematic review. PROSPERO 2018:CRD42018091972. URL: www.crd.york.ac.uk/PROSPERO/display_record.asp?ID=CRD42018091972 (accessed 9 March 2020).

Nielsen MB, Christensen JR. A systematic review of exercise adherence workplace interventions. PROSPERO 2016:CRD42016039542. URL: www.crd.york.ac.uk/PROSPERO/display_record.asp?ID=CRD42016039542 (accessed 9 March 2020).

Oliver M. A systematic review of psychological, wellbeing or emotional benefits of interventions in office-centred workplaces which take place away from the desk during designated break times. PROSPERO 2017:CRD42017054114. URL: www.crd.york.ac.uk/PROSPERO/display_record.asp?ID=CRD42017054114 (accessed 9 March 2020).

Parry SP, Coenen P, OSullivan PB, Maher CG, Straker LM. Workplace interventions for increasing standing or walking for preventing musculoskeletal symptoms in sedentary workers. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2017.

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