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Maria Memtsa, Venetia Goodhart, Gareth Ambler, Peter Brocklehurst, Edna Keeney, Sergio Silverio, Zacharias Anastasiou, Jeff Round, Nazim Khan, Jennifer Hall, Geraldine Barrett, Ruth Bender-Atik, Judith Stephenson & Davor Jurkovic.

Maria Memtsa ¹, Venetia Goodhart ¹, Gareth Ambler ², Peter Brocklehurst ³, Edna Keeney ⁴, Sergio Silverio ^1,5, Zacharias Anastasiou ², Jeff Round ⁶, Nazim Khan ⁷, Jennifer Hall ¹, Geraldine Barrett ¹, Ruth Bender-Atik ⁸, Judith Stephenson ¹, Davor Jurkovic ^1,*

¹ Elizabeth Garrett Anderson Institute for Women’s Health, University College London, London, UK
² Department of Statistical Science, University College London, London, UK
³ Birmingham Clinical Trials Unit, Institute of Applied Health Research, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
⁴ Population Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
⁵ Department of Women and Children’s Health, King’s College London, St Thomas’ Hospital, London, UK
⁶ Institute of Health Economics, School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
⁷ Modelling and Analytical Systems Solutions Ltd, Edinburgh, UK
⁸ The Miscarriage Association, Wakefield, UK
^* Corresponding author Email: davor.jurkovic@nhs.net

Declared competing interests of authors: Peter Brocklehurst reports personal fees from the Medical Research Council (MRC) and AG Biotest (Dreieich, Germany), and grants from the MRC, National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Health Services and Delivery Research programme, NIHR Health Technology Assessment (HTA) programme and Wellcome Trust, outside the submitted work. At the time of the study, Peter Brocklehurst was a chairperson of the NIHR HTA Maternal, Neonatal and Child Health Panel (2014–16) and a member of the NIHR HTA Programme Commissioning Group (2010–12) and the NIHR HTA Prioritisation Group (2014–16). Edna Keeney reports personal fees from Novartis Pharmaceuticals UK Ltd (London, UK) and from Pfizer Inc. (Pfizer Inc., New York, NY, USA), outside the submitted work. Jeff Round is currently employed by the Institute of Health Economics. The Institute of Health Economics receives funding from, and collaborates with, government, academic, not-for-profit and private-sector organisations. The Institute of Health Economics does not currently receive funds for research related to the submitted work.