{{author}}{{author}}{{($index > metadata.AuthorsAndEtalArray.length-1) ? ',' : '.'}}

Kevin Wing, Elizabeth Williamson, James R Carpenter, Lesley Wise, Sebastian Schneeweiss, Liam Smeeth, Jennifer K Quint & Ian Douglas.

Kevin Wing ^1,*, Elizabeth Williamson ², James R Carpenter ², Lesley Wise ¹, Sebastian Schneeweiss ^3,4, Liam Smeeth ¹, Jennifer K Quint ⁵, Ian Douglas ¹

¹ Department of Non-communicable Disease Epidemiology, Faculty of Epidemiology and Population Health, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, UK
² Department of Medical Statistics, Faculty of Epidemiology and Population Health, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, UK
³ Department of Epidemiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
⁴ Division of Pharmacoepidemiology and Pharmacoeconomics, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
⁵ National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, UK
^* Corresponding author Email: kevin.wing@lshtm.ac.uk

Declared competing interests of authors: James R Carpenter is funded 50% by a grant from the Medical Research Council (MRC) (London, UK) via a secondment to the MRC Clinical Trials Unit (grants MC_UU_12023/21 and MC_UU_12023/29). He reports grants from the National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) (RP-PG-0614-20011) and the Economic and Social Research Council (ESRC) (Swindon, UK; MR/V020641/1 and ES/V005448/1), undertakes methodological consultancy work for Novartis Pharmaceuticals UK Ltd (London, UK) and GlaxoSmithKline plc (Brentford, UK), and has given missing data courses for GlaxoSmithKline plc, Bayer AG (Leverkusen, Germany) and Boehringer Ingelheim (Ingelheim am Rhein, Germany). Lesley Wise is an independent consultant to the pharmaceutical industry and is employed to provide advice by a number of different companies, none of which is involved in this therapeutic area. Sebastian Schneeweiss is a consultant to World Health Information Science Consultants, LLC (Dedham, MA, USA) and to Aetion, Inc. (New York, NY, USA), a software manufacturer of which he also owns equity. He is principal investigator of investigator-initiated grants to the Brigham and Women’s Hospital (Boston, MA, USA) from Bayer, Genentech Inc. (South San Francisco, CA, USA) and Boehringer Ingelheim, unrelated to the topic of this study. He does not receive personal fees from biopharmaceutical companies. Sebastian Smeeth reports grants from Wellcome (London, UK), MRC, NIHR (14/49/159 – Statin Web-based Investigation of Side Effects Trial), the British Heart Foundation (London, UK), Diabetes UK (London, UK), ESRC and the European Union; grants and personal fees for advisory work from GlaxoSmithKline plc, and personal fees for advisory work from AstraZeneca plc (Cambridge, UK). He was a trustee of the British Heart Foundation (June 2014–May 2020). Jennifer K Quint’s research group has received funding from MRC, Wellcome, the British Lung Foundation (London, UK), GlaxoSmithKline plc, Boehringer Ingelheim, AstraZeneca plc and Insmed, Inc. (Bridgewater Township, NJ, USA) for other projects, none of which relate to this work. Ian Douglas is funded by an unrestricted grant from GlaxoSmithKline plc and has consulted for, and holds stock in, GlaxoSmithKline plc.