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Adam Devall, Justin Chu, Leanne Beeson, Pollyanna Hardy, Versha Cheed, Yongzhong Sun, Tracy Roberts, Chidubem Okeke Ogwulu, Eleanor Williams, Laura Jones, Jenny La Fontaine Papadopoulos, Ruth Bender-Atik, Jane Brewin, Kim Hinshaw, Meenakshi Choudhary, Amna Ahmed, Joel Naftalin, Natalie Nunes, Abigail Oliver, Feras Izzat, Kalsang Bhatia, Ismail Hassan, Yadava Jeve, Judith Hamilton, Shilpa Deb, Cecilia Bottomley, Jackie Ross, Linda Watkins, Martyn Underwood, Ying Cheong, Chitra Kumar, Pratima Gupta, Rachel Small, Stewart Pringle, Frances Hodge, Anupama Shahid, Ioannis Gallos, Andrew Horne, Siobhan Quenby & Arri Coomarasamy.

Adam Devall ^1,*, Justin Chu ¹, Leanne Beeson ², Pollyanna Hardy ³, Versha Cheed ², Yongzhong Sun ², Tracy Roberts ², Chidubem Okeke Ogwulu ², Eleanor Williams ², Laura Jones ², Jenny La Fontaine Papadopoulos ², Ruth Bender-Atik ⁴, Jane Brewin ⁵, Kim Hinshaw ⁶, Meenakshi Choudhary ⁷, Amna Ahmed ⁶, Joel Naftalin ⁸, Natalie Nunes ⁹, Abigail Oliver ¹⁰, Feras Izzat ¹¹, Kalsang Bhatia ¹², Ismail Hassan ¹³, Yadava Jeve ¹³, Judith Hamilton ¹⁴, Shilpa Deb ¹⁵, Cecilia Bottomley ¹⁶, Jackie Ross ¹⁷, Linda Watkins ¹⁸, Martyn Underwood ¹⁹, Ying Cheong ²⁰, Chitra Kumar ²¹, Pratima Gupta ²², Rachel Small ²², Stewart Pringle ²³, Frances Hodge ²⁴, Anupama Shahid ²⁵, Ioannis Gallos ¹, Andrew Horne ²⁶, Siobhan Quenby ²⁷, Arri Coomarasamy ¹

¹ Institute of Metabolism and Systems Research, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
² Institute of Applied Health Research, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
³ National Perinatal Epidemiology Unit Clinical Trials Unit, Nuffield Department of Population Health, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
⁴ Miscarriage Association, Wakefield, UK
⁵ Tommy’s Charity, London, UK
⁶ Sunderland Royal Hospital, South Tyneside & Sunderland NHS Foundation Trust, Sunderland, UK
⁷ Royal Victoria Infirmary, Newcastle upon Tyne Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
⁸ University College Hospital, University College London Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
⁹ West Middlesex University Hospital, Chelsea and Westminster Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, Isleworth, UK
¹⁰ St Michael’s Hospital, University Hospitals Bristol NHS Foundation Trust, Bristol, UK
¹¹ University Hospital Coventry, University Hospitals Coventry and Warwickshire NHS Trust, Coventry, UK
¹² Burnley General Hospital, East Lancashire Hospitals NHS Trust, Burnley, UK
¹³ Birmingham Women’s Hospital, Birmingham Women’s and Children’s NHS Foundation Trust, Birmingham, UK
¹⁴ Guy’s and St Thomas’ Hospital, Guy’s and St Thomas’ NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
¹⁵ Queen’s Medical Centre, Nottingham University Hospitals NHS Trust, Nottingham, UK
¹⁶ Chelsea and Westminster Hospital, Chelsea and Westminster Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
¹⁷ King’s College Hospital, King’s College Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
¹⁸ Liverpool Women’s Hospital, Liverpool Women’s NHS Foundation Trust, Liverpool, UK
¹⁹ Princess Royal Hospital, Shrewsbury and Telford Hospital NHS Trust, Telford, UK
²⁰ Department of Reproductive Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
²¹ Glasgow Royal Infirmary, NHS Greater Glasgow and Clyde, Glasgow, UK
²² Birmingham Heartlands Hospital, University Hospitals Birmingham NHS Foundation Trust, Birmingham, UK
²³ Queen Elizabeth University Hospital, NHS Greater Glasgow and Clyde, Glasgow, UK
²⁴ Singleton Hospital, Swansea Bay University Health Board, Swansea, UK
²⁵ Barts Health NHS Trust, Royal London Hospital, London, UK
²⁶ MRC Centre for Reproductive Health, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
²⁷ Biomedical Research Unit in Reproductive Health, University of Warwick, Coventry, UK
^* Corresponding author Email: a.j.devall@bham.ac.uk

Declared competing interests of authors: Andrew Horne reports having served as a consultant for AbbVie (Lake Bluff, IL, USA), Roche Diagnostics (Roche Holding AG, Basel, Switzerland), Ferring Controlled Therapeutics (Glasgow, UK) and Nordic Pharma Ltd (Berkshire, UK), and has received research support from the Medical Research Council (MRC), National Institute for Health Research (NIHR), Chief Scientist’s Office, Wellbeing of Women, Roche Diagnostics, AstraZeneca (Cambridge, UK) and Ferring Controlled Therapeutics outside the submitted work. Pollyanna Hardy reports membership of the NIHR Health Technology Assessment (HTA) Commissioning Committee (2020–present). Meenakshi Choudhary reports membership of the NIHR HTA Maternal, Neonatal and Child Health Panel Panel (2017–18), NIHR HTA Prioritisation Committee C (Mental Health, Women and Children’s Health) (2017–20) and the NIHR HTA Prioritisation Committee B (In Hospital) (2017–21). Arri Coomarasamy reports membership of the NIHR Efficacy and Mechanism Evaluation (EME) programme (2019–present) outside the submitted work.