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Aziz Sheikh, Jamie Coleman, Antony Chuter, Robin Williams, Richard Lilford, Ann Slee, Zoe Morrison, Kathrin Cresswell, Ann Robertson, Sarah Slight, Hajar Mozaffar, Lisa Lee, Sonal Shah, Sarah Pontefract, Abby King, Valeri Wiegel, Samuel Watson, Nde-Eshimuni Salema, David Bates, Anthony Avery, Alan Girling, Lucy McCloughan & Neil Watson.

Aziz Sheikh ^1,*, Jamie Coleman ², Antony Chuter ³, Robin Williams ⁴, Richard Lilford ⁵, Ann Slee ⁶, Zoe Morrison ⁷, Kathrin Cresswell ¹, Ann Robertson ¹, Sarah Slight ⁸, Hajar Mozaffar ¹, Lisa Lee ¹, Sonal Shah ², Sarah Pontefract ², Abby King ¹, Valeri Wiegel ¹, Samuel Watson ⁵, Nde-Eshimuni Salema ⁹, David Bates ¹⁰, Anthony Avery ⁹, Alan Girling ⁹, Lucy McCloughan ¹, Neil Watson ¹¹

¹ Usher Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
² Institute of Clinical Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
³ Lay member, , UK
⁴ School of Social and Political Science, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
⁵ Institute of Applied Health Research, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
⁶ NHS England, London, UK
⁷ Aberdeen Business School, The Robert Gordon University, Aberdeen, UK
⁸ School of Pharmacy, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
⁹ School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
¹⁰ Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
¹¹ Newcastle Upon Tyne Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
^* Corresponding author Email: aziz.sheikh@ed.ac.uk

Declared competing interests of authors: David Bates is a co-inventor on patent number 6029138, which is held by Brigham and Women’s Hospital (Boston, MA, USA), on the use of decision support software for medical management, held by Medicalis Corporation (Kitchener, ON, Canada). He also holds a minority equity position in the privately held company Medicalis Corporation, which develops web-based decision support for radiology test ordering, and served on the board for SEA Medical Systems (Emerald Hills, CA, USA), which makes intravenous pump technology (2012–20). David Bates is on the clinical advisory board for Zynx Health Inc. (Los Angeles, CA, USA), which develops evidence-based algorithms, consults for EarlySense (Ramat Gan, Israel), which makes patient safety monitoring systems, and received cash and equity from QPID Inc. (Boston, MA, USA), a company focused on intelligence systems for electronic health records. He also receives cash compensation from CDI Ltd (Negev, Israel), which is a non-for-profit incubator for health IT start-ups, receives equity from Enelgy (Northbridge, CA, USA), which makes software to support clinical decision-making in intensive care, and receives equity from MDClone (Tel Aviv-Yafo, Israel), which takes clinical data and produces deidentified version of them. David Bates receives equity from ValeraHealth (Brooklyn, NY, USA), which makes software to help patients with chronic diseases, and equity from Intensix (Los Angeles, CA, USA), which makes software to support clinical decision-making in intensive care. David Bates’ financial interests have been reviewed by Brigham and Women’s Hospital and Partners HealthCare (now Mass General Brigham) (Boston, MA, USA) in accordance with their institutional policies. Lisa Slee reports personal fees from NHS England and PCS Health Ltd (Chester, UK) outside the submitted work. Sarah Slight is a member of the Health Technology Assessment Primary Care, Community and Preventive Interventions Panel.